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Whether governments and local authorities should add fluoride to tap water has always been a politically charged topic. In 1945, Grand Rapids, Michigan, became the first city in the world to take this step, in an effort to promote dental health. "From epidemiological data, it was discovered that there was less decay in children's teeth in some areas versus others," Lucy O'Malley , an applied health scientist at the University of Manchester in the U.K., told Live Science. "They found this was because some areas had water supplies that had natural fluoride levels at around 1 ppm [part per million] and that was beneficial for protecting against caries," better known as cavities. In the decades since, health authorities across the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries have introduced similar levels of fluoride to tap water. But what is the science behind how fluoride actually prevents cavities? It helps to first understand the anatomy of teeth , which are made up of an extremely specialized body tissue, Dr. Alexander Morris , a professor of dental public health at the University of Birmingham in the U.K., told Live Science in an email. Related: How does plaque cause cavities? Teeth have four components: enamel (the hard, shiny outer covering), dentine (the bulk of the tooth), pulp (the inner soft tissue), and cementum (a thin covering of the root to anchor it to the jaw), he explained. The enamel acts as the first line of defense against tooth decay. Composed of a mineral called hydroxyapatite — a tough solid containing charged molecules of calcium, phosphate and hydroxide — enamel is the hardest substance in the human body. The bulky phosphate particles are packed closely together , with the smaller calcium and hydroxide ions sitting in the small spaces between. Strong attraction between the positive and negative particles holds this structure together, creating a continuous and extremely tough mineral. This shield protects the softer and more vulnerable dentine and pulp underneath it from damage and wear. Sign up for the Live Science daily newsletter now Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox. However, frequent consumption of refined sugars — such as those in sugary snacks and drinks — can degrade this protective surface. "When you eat sugars, they get broken down by bacteria in your mouth," O'Malley said. "As the bacteria feed off the sugars, they excrete acid, and that acid contributes to the demineralization of enamel." On a chemical level, the acid leaches the negative phosphate and hydroxide ions out of the enamel, weakening the overall structure. As holes in this enamel surface wear through to the dentine, bacteria can invade that inner tooth tissue and accelerate decay. "If the area of tooth affected gets big enough, the tooth structure collapses, forming a cavity," Morris said. Fluoride addresses this problem by facilitating two key protective mechanisms that help safeguard the enamel. "Incorporation [of fluoride] into the tooth enamel makes it more resistant to the acids produced by bacteria, helping prevent tooth decay in the first place," Morris said. "The presence of fluoride can also help repair early decay by creating more resistant enamel during the repair process." Known as remineralization, the tiny fluoride ions replace a portion of the hydroxide within the enamel's structure. Fluoride is much smaller than hydroxide, so these particles fit better in the gaps between the phosphate ions. This creates a stronger and more compact crystal structure, called fluorapatite. The greater attraction between the different ions in this fluorinated mineral means the negative particles are much less likely to leach out of the enamel. This thereby provides greater protection against acid damage and wear. — Should you floss before or after you brush your teeth? — Which teeth fall out? — Are cavities 'contagious'? Tooth-decay yeast can pass from moms to babies The benefit of fluoride for dental health is well established — in fact, the ion has been included as an additive in toothpaste since the 1970s . "It's become more widespread in usage," O'Malley said, "and from about that time, we've seen a really dramatic decline in the rates of caries." Whether through water, toothpaste or dental treatments, "adequate exposure to fluoride in whatever form reduces the risk of tooth decay," Morris concluded. Some jurisdictions, rather than fluoridating their water, provide children fluoride in milk, salt, or mouth rinses that they're given at school. This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice. Ever wonder why some people build muscle more easily than others or why freckles come out in the sun ? Send us your questions about how the human body works to community@livescience.com with the subject line "Health Desk Q," and you may see your question answered on the website!
YouTube TV is hiking its monthly price, again. Here's what to know NEW YORK (AP) — Are you a YouTube TV subscriber? Your monthly bills are about to get more expensive again. YouTube has announced that it’s upping the price of its streaming service’s base plan by $10 — citing rising content costs and other investments. The new $82.99 per month price tag will go into effect starting Jan. 13 for existing subscribers, and immediately for new customers who sign up going forward. YouTube TV has rolled out a series of price hikes over the years. When launched back in 2017, the going price of its streaming package was $35 a month. By 2019, that fee rose to $50 — and has climbed higher and higher since. Country star Morgan Wallen sentenced in chair-throwing case NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Country music star Morgan Wallen has pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of reckless endangerment. He had been charged for throwing a chair from the rooftop of a six-story bar in Nashville and nearly hitting two police officers with it. Wallen appeared in court alongside his attorney on Thursday. He was sentenced to spend seven days in a DUI education center and will be under supervised probation for two years. According to the arrest affidavit, Wallen was accused of throwing a chair off the roof of Chief’s bar on April 7. The chair landed about a yard from the officers. Witnesses told police they saw Wallen pick up a chair, throw it off the roof and laugh about it. The wife of a Wisconsin kayaker who faked his own death moves to end their marriage MADISON, Wis. (AP) — The wife of a Wisconsin kayaker who faked his own drowning so he could abscond to Europe has filed a court action to end the couple's marriage. Online court records indicate Emily Borgwardt filed a petition in Dodge County Circuit Court on Thursday seeking to annul her marriage to Ryan Borgwardt. A hearing has been set for April. According to court documents, Ryan Borgwardt staged his own drowning by leaving his overturned kayak floating on Green Lake. He flew to Eastern Europe, where he spent several days in a hotel with a woman before taking up residence in the country of Georgia. He is charged with misdemeanor obstruction in Green Lake County. San Francisco names street for Associated Press photographer who captured the iconic Iwo Jima photo SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — A block in downtown San Francisco has been renamed for acclaimed photojournalist Joe Rosenthal, who won the Pulitzer Prize for his iconic photo of U.S. Marines raising the flag on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima during WWII. The longtime staff photographer for the San Francisco Chronicle, who died in 2006 at age 94, is also remembered for the 35 years he spent documenting the city's famous and not so famous for the daily newspaper. He photographed a young Willie Mays getting his hat fitted as a San Francisco Giant in 1957. He also photographed joyous children making a mad dash for freedom on the last day of school in 1965. Nearly half of US teens are online 'constantly,' Pew report finds Nearly half of American teenagers say they are online “constantly,” despite concerns about the effects of social media and smartphones on their mental health. That's according to a new report published Thursday by the Pew Research Center. As in past years, YouTube was the single most popular platform teenagers used — 90% said they watched videos on the site, down slightly from 95% in 2022. There was a slight downward trend in several popular apps teens used. For instance, 63% of teens said they used TikTok, down from 67% and Snapchat slipped to 55% from 59%. Wander Franco's sex abuse trial has been postponed 5 months PUERTO PLATA, Dominican Republic (AP) — The trial against Tampa Bay Rays shortstop Wander Franco, who has been charged with sexually abusing a minor, sexual and commercial exploitation against a minor, and human trafficking, has been postponed until June 2, 2025. Dominican judge Yacaira Veras postponed the hearing Thursday at the request of prosecutors because of the absence of several key witnesses in the case. Franco’s lawyers asked the court to reconsider the postponement, arguing Franco must report to spring training in mid-February. The judge replied that Franco is obligated to continue with the trial schedule and his conditional release from detainment. Turning dusty attic treasures into cash can yield millions for some and disappointment for others THOMASTON, Maine (AP) — Kaja Veilleux has been hunting New England attic treasures for more than 50 years. He once found a copy of the Declaration of Independence sitting on a trash heap, and he made headlines this year when he stumbled upon a million-dollar portrait that may have been painted by the Dutch master Rembrandt. Many people dream of cashing in on some dusty old heirloom. Veilleux helps people sort the gems from the junk when he appraises furniture, antiques and art by using his knowledge of what similar items have sold for in the past. Indian teen Gukesh Dommaraju becomes the youngest chess world champion after beating Chinese rival NEW DELHI (AP) — Indian teenager Gukesh Dommaraju has become the youngest chess world champion after beating the defending champion Ding Liren of China. Dommaraju, 18, secured 7.5 points against 6.5 of his Chinese rival in Thursday's game which was played in Singapore. He has surpassed the achievement of Russia’s Garry Kasparov who won the title at the age of 22. Dommaraju is now also the second Indian to win the title after five-time world chess champion Viswanathan Anand. The Indian teen prodigy has long been considered a rising star in the chess world after he became a chess grandmaster at 12. He had entered the match as the youngest-ever challenger to the world crown after winning the Candidates tournament earlier this year. Selena Gomez reveals engagement to Benny Blanco Selena Gomez is having quite a year, and it’s being capped with an engagement to music producer and songwriter Benny Blanco. The Grammy- and Emmy-nominated performer announced she was off the market in an Instagram post Wednesday of her ring, with the caption “Forever begins now.” Celebrity fans sent their congratulations, with rapper Lil Nas X writing “So happy for you both” and Taylor Swift saying “Yes I will be the flower girl.” Gomez became a Golden Globe double nominee Monday for her roles in “Emilia Pérez” and “Only Murders in the Building.” Fewer US grandparents are taking care of grandchildren, according to new data Fewer grandparents were taking care of grandchildren, there was a decline in the number of preschoolers and more people were staying put in their homes in the first part of the 2020s compared with the last part of the 2010s. That's according to U.S. Census Bureau data released Thursday, reflecting some of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The latest figures from the most comprehensive survey of American life compares the periods of 2014-2018 and 2019-2023. Those timeframes were before the pandemic and during the years of the virus’ spread. Some of the changes are COVID-19 related, while others are the result of other occurrences like the opioid crisis.TORONTO, Dec. 16, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Doré Copper Mining Corp. (" Doré Copper ”) (TSXV: DCMC; OTCQB: DRCMF; FRA: DCM) is pleased to announce that, at the special meeting (the " Meeting ") of shareholders of Doré Copper (" Doré Copper Shareholders ") held earlier today, Doré Copper Shareholders overwhelmingly voted in favour of approving the special resolution (the " Arrangement Resolution ") authorizing the previously announced plan of arrangement (the " Arrangement ") ( news release October 15, 2024 ) whereby Cygnus Metals Limited (" Cygnus "), through its wholly-owned subsidiary, 1505901 B.C. Ltd., will acquire all of the issued and outstanding common shares in the capital of Doré Copper (the " Doré Copper Shares ") and, in exchange, Doré Copper Shareholders will receive 1.8297 ordinary shares in the capital of Cygnus (the " Cygnus Shares ") for each Doré Copper Share held. Doré Copper would like to thank its shareholders for their overwhelming support of the combination of Cygnus and Doré Copper to create a Québec-focused critical minerals explorer and developer with high-grade copper and lithium resources. At the Meeting, the Arrangement Resolution was approved by (i) approximately 100% of the votes cast by Doré Copper Shareholders present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote, and (ii) approximately 100% of the votes cast by the minority Doré Copper Shareholders present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote, which excluded the votes cast in respect of the Doré Copper Shares beneficially owned, or over which control or direction is exercised, by Mario Stifano, Ernest Mast and Ocean Partners Holdings Limited, as determined in accordance with Multilateral Instrument 61-101 - Protection of Minority Shareholders in Special Transactions . A total of 121,067,401 Doré Copper Shares were voted at the Meeting, representing approximately 71.50% of the issued and outstanding Doré Copper Shares as of the record date of November 13, 2024. Assuming that all remaining approvals are obtained and all other remaining conditions precedent to the completion of the Arrangement are satisfied or waived, Doré Copper anticipates that the Arrangement will be completed on or about December 31, 2024. Completion of the Arrangement remains subject to, among other things, satisfaction of all conditions precedent to the completion of the Arrangement, including the final approval of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice and the approval for listing of the Cygnus Shares on the TSX Venture Exchange (the " TSXV ”). The hearing for the final order of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice to approve the Arrangement is scheduled to take place on December 19, 2024. Further details regarding the Arrangement are set out in the management information circular of Doré Copper dated November 13, 2024, which is available on SEDAR+ ( www.sedarplus.ca ) under Doré Copper's issuer profile. About Doré Copper Mining Corp. Doré Copper Mining Corp. aims to be the next copper producer in Québec with an initial production target of +50 million pounds of copper equivalent annually by implementing a hub-and-spoke operation model with multiple high-grade copper-gold assets feeding its centralized Copper Rand mill 1 . Doré Copper has delivered its PEA in May 2022 and is proceeding with a feasibility study. Doré Copper has consolidated a large land package in the prolific Lac Doré/Chibougamau and Joe Mann mining camps that has historically produced 1.6 billion pounds of copper and 4.4 million ounces of gold. 2 The land package includes 13 former producing mines, deposits and resource target areas within a 60-kilometer radius of Doré Copper's Copper Rand Mill. For further information about Doré Copper, please contact: Facebook: Doré Copper Mining LinkedIn: Doré Copper Mining Corp. Twitter: @DoreCopper Instagram: @DoreCopperMining Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This news release includes certain "forward-looking statements” under applicable Canadian securities legislation. Forward-looking statements include predictions, projections and forecasts and are often, but not always, identified by the use of words such as "seek”, "anticipate”, "believe”, "plan”, "estimate”, "forecast”, "expect”, "potential”, "project”, "target”, "schedule”, "budget” and "intend” and statements that an event or result "may”, "will”, "should”, "could” or "might” occur or be achieved and other similar expressions and includes the negatives thereof. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this news release, including, without limitation, statements with respect to the proposed Arrangement and the terms thereof, the completion of the Arrangement, including, receipt of all necessary court and regulatory approvals and timing thereof, the listing of the Cygnus Shares on the TSXV, and the plans, operations and prospects of Doré Copper and its properties are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that, while considered reasonable, are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the ability to obtain approvals in respect of the Arrangement and to consummate the Arrangement, the ability to obtain approvals for the listing of the Cygnus Shares on the TSXV, integration risks, actual results of current and future exploration activities, benefit of certain technology usage, the ability of prior successes and track record to determine future results, changes in project parameters and/or economic assessments, availability of capital and financing on acceptable terms, general economic, market or business conditions, future prices of metals, uninsured risks, risks relating to estimated costs, regulatory changes, delays or inability to receive required regulatory approvals, health emergencies, pandemics and other exploration or other risks detailed herein and from time to time in the filings made by Doré Copper with securities regulators. Although Doré Copper has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual actions, events or results to differ from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause such actions, events or results to differ materially from those anticipated. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Doré Copper disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release. 2 Sources for historic production figures: Economic Geology, v. 107, pp. 963-989 - Structural and Stratigraphic Controls on Magmatic, Volcanogenic, and Shear Zone-Hosted Mineralization in the Chapais-Chibougamau Mining Camp, Northeastern Abitibi, Canada by François Leclerc et al. (Lac Dore/Chibougamau mining camp) and NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Joe Mann Property dated January 11, 2016 by Geologica Groupe-Conseil Inc. for Jessie Ressources Inc. (Joe Mann mine).
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Mystery drone sightings continue in New Jersey and across the US. Here's what we know
After weeks of fear and bewilderment about the drones buzzing over parts of New York and New Jersey , U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer is urging the federal government to deploy better drone-tracking technology to identify and ultimately stop the airborne pests. The New York Democrat is calling on the Department of Homeland Security to immediately deploy special technology that identifies and tracks drones back to their landing spots, according to briefings from his office. Javascript is required for you to be able to read premium content. Please enable it in your browser settings.Healey: Proscription status of Syria’s new rulers is not a matter for now
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, /PRNewswire/ -- Katten announced today that the firm advised CleanSpark Inc. on a convertible senior notes offering. , Partner and Co-Chair of the Capital Markets practice, led the Katten team that advised the company in connection with its offering of aggregate principal amount of 0.00% convertible senior notes due 2030. The notes were sold to the initial purchasers, led by Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. as Lead Book-Running Manager, in a private offering for resale to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act). The issuance and sale of the notes closed on . In connection with the pricing of the notes, CleanSpark entered into capped call transactions with various counterparties and repurchased approximately of its common stock. ICR Capital LLC served as financial advisor to CleanSpark in connection with this offering. "We congratulate our client CleanSpark on successfully completing its first-ever 144A convertible notes offering," Wood said. "It has been a privilege to work alongside the CleanSpark team as it has led CleanSpark's growth in the mining industry." CleanSpark is a market-leading, pure play miner. The company owns and operates a portfolio of mining facilities across . Katten regularly advises companies within the and blockchain industries, combining its regulatory expertise and deep experience in a wide range of sophisticated transactions to deliver holistic legal advice to companies in this industry. The Katten team also included Capital Markets Partners Elizabeth McNichol and , and Associates Maximillian Licona and Michael Tremeski; Financial Markets and Funds Partner Krassi Zourkova and Associate Eli Krasnow; and Transactional Tax Planning Partner Todd Hatcher and Associate Jeffrey Ng. Katten is a full-service law firm with approximately 700 attorneys in locations across and in and . Clients seeking sophisticated, high-value legal services turn to Katten for counsel locally, nationally and internationally. The firm's core areas of practice include corporate, financial markets and funds, insolvency and restructuring, intellectual property, litigation, real estate, structured finance and securitization, transactional tax planning, private credit and private wealth. Katten represents public and private companies in numerous industries, as well as a number of government and nonprofit organizations and individuals. For more information, visit . View original content to download multimedia: SOURCE Katten
WB Doctors plan sit-in in kolkata over bail granted in RG Kar caseKANSAS CITY, Mo. — The Kansas City Chiefs earned a much-deserved extended rest after their Christmas Day rout of the Pittsburgh Steelers, which capped an unbeaten stretch of three games in 11 days and clinched them the No. 1 seed in the AFC playoffs. That extended rest? Well, it can be just about as long as Chiefs coach Andy Reid wants it to be. The Chiefs (15-1) face the Broncos in their regular-season finale next weekend, a game whose kickoff remains up in the air. But it will be at least 10 days after their 29-10 win in Pittsburgh, a nice rest for a weary team whose bye was back in Week 6. But with nothing to play for in that game, Reid could conceivably give some of his most important players the entire week off ahead of the playoffs. And now that the Chiefs have a first-round bye, that means they wouldn't face anybody until at least Jan. 18 in the divisional round, meaning a full 24 days between games. “It's been almost 10 weeks of football, grinding on this short schedule at the very end of the year,” Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes said. “We'll see how Week 18 goes — who plays, who doesn't play. That's up to Coach. But having this break, getting healthy, getting ourselves ready for the playoffs, it was super important, especially with the guys we have banged up.” The Chiefs dominated the Steelers without four-time All-Pro defensive tackle Chris Jones, who was resting his sore calf on Wednesday. They also have not had cornerback Chamarri Conner, who has been out with a concussion, or D.J. Humphries, the former Pro Bowl left tackle who appeared in one game for Kansas City before straining his hamstring. All of them figure to be healthy for the playoffs. The same for guys who have been dealing with minor injuries, such as right tackle Jawaan Taylor, who played against the Steelers despite straining his hamstring the previous week against Houston, and running back Isiah Pacheco, who dinged up his ribs in the win in Pittsburgh. “It will definitely help with some of the guys that are banged up, to get guys back, freshened up a little bit,” said Reid, who has rested important players in Week 18 in the past, including last season against the Chargers. “I think it will be a positive for us.” The trick is to decide exactly how much rest to give everyone. For those dealing with injuries, that full 24-day span without a game could be exactly what they need. For others, it might be too long between games, and getting at least a half of play against the Broncos would help prevent some rust from setting in. “I was just talking to my family about it,” Chiefs cornerback Trent McDuffie said. “My rookie year, we were able to get, you know, all home games, and you just can't be out (on the road) in the playoffs. I mean, I'm excited to go out there. I know we got the first round, you know, off, but I mean, I can't wait to play now.” What’s working The Chiefs won the Super Bowl last season with a wide receiver group that — outside of Rashee Rice — was lacking in dynamic ability. But with the trade for DeAndre Hopkins, the return of Hollywood Brown from an injury and the emergence of rookie Xavier Worthy, the Chiefs have gone from a position of peril to one of profound strength. What needs help The Chiefs have struggled to the run the ball consistently the past few weeks. Pacheco gained just 18 yards on six carries before hurting his ribs against Pittsburgh, and Kareem Hunt was held to 20 yards on nine carries — a 2.2-yard average. Stock up Worthy has smashed through the rookie wall, just as Rice did at this point last season, and has proven to be more than a speedster. He had eight catches for 79 yards and a touchdown Wednesday, giving him at least five catches in each of his past five games. Stock down Pacheco has not been the same after missing more than two months to injury. He has been held to 55 yards rushing or fewer in each of his past five games, and he's averaging just 2.7 yards per carry over his past three. Injuries There were no significant injuries sustained against the Steelers. Key number 77 — Travis Kelce caught his 77th touchdown pass, breaking a tie with Hall of Famer Tony Gonzalez for the Chiefs record. Kelce finished with eight catches for 84 yards and a score against Pittsburgh, making him the third tight end in NFL history with at least 1,000 receptions. Gonzalez had 1,325 and Jason Witten had 1,228 while Kelce has 1,004 and counting. Next steps The Chiefs get the long weekend off before deciding who will play in Denver in their regular-season finale.
Mysterious Drone Sightings Linked To 'Missing' Radioactive Material In New Jersey? What We KnowVancouver Island First Nation whose ex-chief met Capt. Cook files claim against B.C.xBureau Veritas adopts 3D Model-Based Design Approval process in collaboration with HD Hyundai Samho and Siemens DISW
