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Today, indoor temperatures are generally controlled by devices—whether they are smart, portable, or wedged in a window. Most heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems can be set to maintain the temperature of an indoor space within a few degrees. But has modern technology, like air conditioning, erased a time-tested body of knowledge about how best to design a well-ventilated, temperate building? At Drexel University, researchers are investigating natural strategies in historic homes in hopes of understanding how their inherent energy-efficient features can inform modern energy conservation and historic preservation efforts, particularly in hot and humid climates. "Historic homes were designed for times when there was no HVAC," said Antonio Martinez-Molina, Ph.D., an associate professor in Drexel's Antionette Westphal College of Media Arts & Design, and College of Engineering, who is leading the research. "Taking into consideration modern-day expectations, most are not comfortable buildings—but they perform way better than we expect." Using energy and computational fluid dynamics simulations, the research team analyzed several and natural ventilation strategies for cooling historic residential structures in the hot and humid climate of San Antonio, Texas. Their results, in , suggest that historic preservation and thermal comfort goals can be achieved simultaneously and can be replicated in multiple historic structures in similar climate regions around the globe. The team considered the feasibility, cooling potential and cultural preservation of six scenarios through the X and Y seasons in San Antonio: "Our analysis revealed that all the considered scenarios can contribute to in both seasons, especially in spring, with cross ventilation being the most efficient strategy," said Martinez-Molina. "Mechanical cooling and mixed-mode ventilation are well researched topics, this is not the case with naturally ventilated residential heritage structures, which house approximately 15% of U.S. population. This work is increasingly important as climate changes create increasingly hot and humid conditions." Martinez-Molina cautions, that while opening windows in a historic building is a good practice—it's not always feasible or sufficient to achieve a tolerable, livable environment. In addition to assessing natural ventilation strategies, researchers turned their gaze to the inherent energy-efficient features of historic buildings and analyzed how energy retrofits can ensure a balance between energy optimization and historic preservation. Their research on this topic, which was also in , developed a methodology for planning successful retrofits of historic buildings, especially those in hot and humid conditions. "To enhance the energy performance of historic structures while preserving their cultural and physical values, it is essential to assess the inherent energy-efficient features and evaluate the benefits of integrating them into the energy retrofit plan," said Martinez-Molina. "This study seeks to address this gap by quantitatively evaluating the effectiveness of various inherent energy-efficient features in a historic residential building located in a hot and humid climate, where the original energy concept aimed to cool the building in the absence of mechanical systems." The research team identified and assessed features, like existing shading devices (porch, roof overhangs, and awnings), large windows, high ceilings; and various envelope materials, such as wood, brick and limestone. Using a validated numerical model, researchers were able to present outcomes of their energy simulations and examine the impact of these features on indoor environmental conditions, cooling loads and occupant thermal comfort. Their analysis provided several useful insights: Researchers believe this body of work demonstrates that a balance can exist between improving the energy efficiency of historic buildings and preserving existing physical attributes, especially in regions with hot and humid conditions.
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